Ptlls L 4 Unit 009 Essay - 1347 Words

James Pitman Level 4 PTLLS Unit 009 Oct/Nov 2012 Analyse learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism Strategy | Strengths | Weaknesses | Group discussion | A good way of exploring a topic in depthUseful to assess a learners knowledge and understanding of the topicAll learners can be encouraged to be involvedDiverse characteristics and backgrounds of learners will ensure a well rounded view | Some learners may not feel confident contributing – good ice-breaker required Other learners may dominate discussion – teacher facilitation important Easy to digress from topic – ground rules and teacher facilitation important | Role play | A good way of gaining a well rounded viewEncourages learners to be active and think†¦show more content†¦It’s also important, due to the diversity of my learners, that I incorporate different styles of learning. I often start a discussion with a short DVD that depicting an interview situation (visual learners) then continue with a discussion (aural), and finish with a role play (kinaesthetic). Evaluate aspects of inclusive learning * Taking an inclusive approach to learning ensures that any student albeit long term unemployed can access [learning] to the best of their potential ability .Inclusive learning is when the teacher reduces any boundaries that may prevent a student from being included in learning. * I work with large groups of learners, with a diverse age range, who might not have been in a learning or classroom environment for many years. Therefore, it’s essential that I conduct a thorough initial assessment along with college initial innumeracy and literacy assessments to identify potential barriers to learning and remove them as far as possible. * To ensure all learners are included in activities, I devise different ways of getting everyone in the room involved –differentiation. Topics of employability can be sensitive because there will be people in the room who’ve had bad experienced such as redundancy or treated badly by theShow MoreRel atedLEVEL 4 PTLLS ASSIGNMENT2892 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Nand Kishore Bissoo 19 September 2014 Level 4 PTLLS Assignment Unit 008 Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning: 1.1 The relevant legislations for teachers are Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.This act aims at protecting people against risks to health and safety in connection with their activities at work. The Race Relations Act 1976.This act prohibits discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality

Freedom, To An Extent Essay - 819 Words

â€Å"We have learned to live in a world where ‘reality’ is a matter of choice.† While choosing what we feel is real is based on what we actually want to see. Trying to over look reality can cause a person to imagine things that might not actually be there. When you do not see the reality of anything you get lost in a world of imagination. Although, imagination is the best entertainment, when relying on it too much you would not be able to see the world of how it truly is. Adventuring out into the world is very important because it generates learning and creates additional knowledge. A person’s apprehension is very necessary for the sake of a person progressing. It is important to blossom because it generates one’s self to recognize their†¦show more content†¦Another example is the phrase â€Å"In God we trust†, which is printed on every bill in America. If there is such a thing as â€Å"freedom† of religion why is it that â⠂¬Å"God† is printed on these things? It seems as if the government is pushing everyone to believe what they themselves choose to believe. The first amendment also states that we the people have the freedom of speech, for example, if you say â€Å"I am gay† most of America will turn their head to you showing a sign of disrespect. The reality of all this is that America is a very judgmental country. The government portrays our society in a certain way by allowing the people to freely express themselves in a way that suits them best. However, it may seem as if we the people may have these certain choices, but truly if a person does not portray the true American role that fits the key society, the government will do everything but accept you. Many people get lost in their own thoughts that sometimes have the ability to trick them into thinking that America is â€Å"perfect†. The truth is that nothing is perfect in our society; the Nation is full of many different ind ividuals that will possibly never change. â€Å"I sit in my house for days on end and stare at the roses in the closet.† This line from the poem â€Å"America† represents a man who keeps his sexual nature unseen. The Star Spangled BannerShow MoreRelatedTo what extent is there disagreement about how effectively the constitution protects freedom1339 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿To what extent is there disagreement about how effectively the constitution protects freedom? There is a small amount of disagreement over whether or not the US constitution protects freedom for the average American citizen – whilst many Americans feel that the constitution formally protects their liberties (for example: the first amendment guarantees the rights of Americans to their freedom of speech) others believe that the codified constitution is unnecessary and would point to nations likeRead MoreTo What Extent Can True Happiness Be Achieved with Limited Freedom? 1690 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"conditioned† from the time they are embryos. In this new society, emotions, religion and culture are sacrificed for social stability. People are not allowed any knowledge of the past, and everything is only explained to the most basic of truth. The freedoms we enjoy today are almost completely abolished. Naturally, we associate happiness with the ability to do whatever your want in life, so if we didn’t have this ability, can we still be happy in life? In the novel, it seems to be achievable on theRead MoreThe Political Economy of the Media in Zimbabwe1491 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatly impede freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of information and freedom of opinion in the media. However, the government has manage to give some private players room to establish their media houses but these players have to dance to the music of those who are holding power through following harsh media laws enacted by the government. Hence, the political economy of the media in Zimbabwe has negative influence on freedom of the press, freedom of expression, freedom of informationRead MoreThe Perfect Society In Sir Thomas Mores Utopia790 Words   |  4 Pagesact is detrimental in creating a utopia, because if the citizens are not happy with their freedom’s and rights then how can such a society be considered ideal or perfect, it is instead more like a prison. In Utopia, the freedom of its citizens is restrained to an unnecessary extent. To demonstrate, Utopians need a passport to leave their home cities. If they are caught trying to leave their home cities without a passport they are â€Å"punished as a fugitive, and sent home disgracefully† (42) This makesRead MoreComparing Baron D Holbach s View On Determinism927 Words   |  4 PagesPeople believe that genuine freedom of choice is not always possible because our decisions and actions are determined by factors beyond our control. This view is known as Determinism. There is also an extreme form of determinism known as ‘hard determinism,’ in which they believe that every demeanor can be traced to a cause, although they may disagree about what those causes are. The idea of determinism poses a difficult issue to the concept of ‘free will’. Are we able to make free choices if allRead MoreFreedom Among The African Americans1292 Words   |  6 PagesIn the e arly 19th and late 20th centuries, freedom among the African Americans has been a constant battle between his U.S born given rights and the limitations places on such rights by the states. Through the expansion and development of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the term freedom had been ironically used, for example through the 13th amendment where a former slave could be called a free man yet his freedom was limited and strictly outlined by the governmentRead More Definition Essay - Defining Freedom713 Words   |  3 PagesDefinition Essay – Defining Freedom Is it possible to define freedom? To define freedom is more than a difficult task, but perhaps easier than one might imagine if not overanalyzed. Given ample time to consider the task, however, a simple, sufficient definition can present itself: freedom is the ability to choose, for any creature living life in any place in any time. There is no greater truth to the statement, and no underlying meanings; freedom is simply the ability to choose. Read MoreCivil Liberties vs National Security1452 Words   |  6 Pagesshould enjoy their freedoms. This may no longer be feasible as majority of the civil rights are taken to include the political rghts in this age. National security can be defined as a countrys need to maintain its survival by use of military, political and economic power for diplomacy. Civil liberty are freedoms and rights exercised by individuals in any country provided by their countrys legislation or international laws, for example the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, theRead MoreEssay: to What Extent Was Japan Modernized by 1920s?1024 Words   |  5 PagesEssay: To what extent was Japan modernized by 1920s? Modernization is a process by which human beings progress in political, economic, social, intellectual and military aspects for the betterment of society as a whole. In the early 20th century, Japan achieved different levels of modernization in political, social, economic and cultural aspects. Although Japan still kept many traditional beliefs, it was the most modernized country in Asia at that time. Here, I will evaluate to what extent was JapanRead MoreThe American Concept Of Freedom1357 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of freedom is a constant source of debate. There is a difference in perspective, in expectation, in allowable expression of said freedoms within the confines of a mutually agreed upon societal contract as defined by legislation. The extremes define boundaries set by anarchy with total freedom and gulag like conditions with no freedom. Following the Civil War, during Reconstruction, the perspective of a share cropper may well have been that there was little to the id ea of American freedom. Gender

Tourism and Hospitality Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Diversity amongst the Employees in the Hospitality Industry. Answer: Diversity is the variety of factors that differentiate one individual from another. It can be on the basis of age, gender, culture, religion, sexual orientation, social status and personality. Many global companies credit their diverse employees for their success. The businesses which run successfully across various latitudes and longitudes have culturally diverse employees. Culture diversity is the diversity of human on the basis of different cultures and societies. These cultures and societies help build his value system. Cultural diversity also takes into account the religion, language, race, gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation. The companies started to accept this diversity in early 2000s due to changes in demography and workforce (Canas and Sondak, 2014). This essay focuses on the cultural diversity amongst the employees in the hospitality industry. Managing people across varied cultures has become very important aspect of this industry. People from various cultures come together in hospitality to work together and this provides newness to the companys environment and helps in handling diverse customers as well. However, this also poses certain challenges for the management to coordinate the diverse staff and maintain harmony amongst them. These diverse employees have varied history, traits, language and come from different location. Thus, they have varied needs that shall be coordinated with that of the company to motivate them to excel in their respective jobs. Depending upon the culture, they may have different areas of expertise as well. Cashing on those can prove to be fruitful for the organization. For example, French are believed to have food knowledge of healthy food and wine, while an American can have hardcore management acu men that can help manage the organization more professionally (Abramson, Moran and Harris, 2014). Collision of different cultures in the workplace may have great impact on the whole organization. Thus, cultural diversity and its awareness can be very useful and profitable for any company in tourism and hospitality industry. Employees cultural background also effects how they act on a given situation, how they communicate with each other, whether they are team player or individual worker, and what is their approach towards task completion. For example, for Germans truth is of utmost importance, while for English they prefer things not being poked unnecessarily. Japanese bow while greeting each other and not prefer to shake hands while in western countries it is a common practice. Thus, different cultures affect the overall working of the organization by bringing in their individual value system in it (Singal, 2014). Cultural diversity in tourism and hospitality industry facilitates cultural exchange on global level. Hospitality industry gives a great opportunity to the employees and tourists to learn about various places and cultures. Every employee thus needs to be trained to respect and appreciate various cultures. This would help them attend to various guests with equality and do justice to their jobs. Working in diverse environment enables one to understand other cultures, religion and language easily and appreciate it. This knowledge cannot be left upon the hand of personnel who might not completely appreciate the knowledge and diversity of guests coming from around the world, despite having the best intentions. Employees with diverse background can help design and implement the corporate vision and mission that would help company grow globally. The well comprehended vision would facilitate understanding and appreciating different cultures and also ensure satisfactory delivery of the servic es through effective communication and service standards (Aitchison, MacLeod and Shaw, 2014). Higher level of management is most visible face of the company in the competitive environment. Cultural diversity at this level would enable the business to portray and develop a positive image of the company. The image would portray that the company is inclusive in this nature and provides equal employment opportunity to all the cultures and sections of the society regardless of their religion, race, nationality, gender etc. Further, cultural diversity is crucial for hospitality and tourism industry at all the levels. To acquire talented pool of employees, the recruiter needs to be open to diversity. The culturally diverse top management would promote the recruitment of culturally diverse employees at all the levels. Also the new talent would be keener to apply and work in such diverse company where he can learn about various other cultures as well. Organizations that discriminate are not promoted and appreciated by youth of this century (Reynolds, Rahman and Bradetich, 2014). Diverse workforce creates a competitive advantage for the organization by improving staffs morale which in turn increases the employee retention of the organization. The customers in hospitality and tourism industry come from various locations on the globe. Culturally diverse workforce brings stronger cultural approach and understanding of the varied clients that they are serving. With the increased growth of social media, it takes no time for companies to grow or fall. Hotel and tourism industry is most vulnerable of all. Having diverse workforce and servicing clients by understanding them can prove to be a great deal for the organization to promote itself in the market (Hult News, 2017). The tourism and hospitality industry needs to account upon the cultural diversity in the organization. If a business fails to do so, it may set itself as a bad example in the industry and tends to lose the number of clients who may come from various cultures. The big chains of businesses are usually present in a number of cities. For example, Four Point by Sheraton is available in a variety of countries and cities. Thus it shall have a pool of faithful customers who would like to book it at all the possible locations. However, if the hotel does not have diverse staff in all its location to take care of variety of clients, its customers would feel new uniqueness in the hotel in that particular location. This may lead to boredom and clients may want to shift to other hotel which has local culture to offer along with their standards of service. This way, the hotel would lose its customer to another chain which is more adaptive in its nature (Suedekum, Wolf and Blien, 2012). This example is more appropriate for the diverse locations which have unique style and culture. The hotels in such locations are booked only on the basis of unique experiences they offer to their customers. The businesses shall thus focus on exploring the cultural diversity of their local talent along with their standard employees in order to serve better experience in terms of food, culture, language and experience. The businesses can also explore the type of tourists visiting the particular area based on cultural diversity and provide services which amalgamates there style with the local style. This way they would not lose on the customer for not being adaptive and competitive enough (Kalargyrou and Costen, 2017). As found in one of the Glassdoor surveys, majority of the job seekers prefer diversity while evaluating the company. If the company isnt culturally diverse enough, it portrays being closed minded and not adaptive enough to promote multicultural environment. This would reduce the talent pool of the employer and only a few bunches of people who might be merely motivated by the money would be interested in applying in such company. Thus the company might have to compromise on the quality of staff it recruits. Also when an employee may not feel appreciated on the grounds of his culture and society, he might be less loyal towards that company and shift at the first opportunity available to him ( Hult News, 2017. In order, to improve their position as a culturally diverse company, the management needs to understand how it can manage its diverse workforce. Managers shall different cultures share different experiences. They need to sync these experiences and values to strengthen the core of the company. The managers shall create programs that help employees share each others culture and increase awareness about various cultures. This shall improve the employees attitude towards various cultures and appreciate the shared point of views. Further, it shall help employees become flexible to communicate with one another and help solve confusions faced in relation to alien culture which they may have to deal with while serving the clients (Gong, 2012). The companies shall also conduct training and education sessions for their employees to understand and be sensitive towards differences. This training would help them become competitive and successful in conducting their jobs better. Cross cultural tr aining at higher levels would help managers to gain knowledge different cultures and develop managerial skills to tackle diversities in foreign markets and have a competitive edge over managers of other companies. Another important practice shall be to provide equal opportunities to all. Negative stereotype should be avoided. Everyone shall be given equal chance of proving his/her capabilities. Pre-employment screening shall also be fair. The interview shall be similarly structured for all the applicants and cultural sensitive test should be conducted. HR department shall be regular with their measures of practicing fairness with the employees from different cultural backgrounds. Such company would have an upper hand over its competitors with satisfied employees and diverse cultural setup (Boella and Goss-Turner, 2013). References Abramson, N., Moran, R. and Harris, P. (2014). Managing cultural differences. 9th ed. London: Routledge. Aitchison, C., MacLeod, N. and Shaw, S. (2014). Leisure and tourism landscapes. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis. Boella, M. and Goss-Turner, S. (2013). Human resource management in the hospitality industry. 9th ed. London: Routledge. Can?as, K. and Sondak, H. (2014). Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. 8th ed. Boston: Pearson. Gong, Y. (2012). Managing cultural diversity in hospitality industry. Las Vegas: University of Nevada, pp.20-27. Hult News (2017). How cultural differences impact international business in 2017 - Hult News. [online] Hult News. Available at: https://www.hult.edu/news/cultural-differences-impact-international-business/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]. Hult News (2017). 13 benefits and challenges of cultural diversity in the workplace in 2017 - Hult News. [online] Hult News. Available at: https://www.hult.edu/news/benefits-challenges-cultural-diversity-workplace/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]. Kalargyrou, V. and Costen, W. (2017). Diversity management research in hospitality and tourism: past, present and future. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), pp.68-114. Reynolds, D., Rahman, I. and Bradetich, S. (2014). Hotel managers' perceptions of the value of diversity training: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), pp.426-446. Singal, M. (2014). The business case for diversity management in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40(2), pp.10-19. Suedekum, J., Wolf, K. and Blien, U. (2012). Cultural Diversity and Local Labour Markets. Regional Studies, 48(1), pp.173-191.

Positive Effects of Online Gaming Essay Sample free essay sample

The last two decennaries witness the increasing development of Internet. Online-gaming has played the most important function in people’s day-to-day life. Concurrently. online gambling is by far the most popular of all Internet activities. which provided many benefits to its users. There are several outcome of on-line gambling as followed. 1. Physical Outcome of Human Being 1. 1Brain HealthOne of the physical effects of online-games isâ€Å"brain health†-players frequently play game can spread out encephalon capacity and the thickness of cell junction in the encephalon. Brain fitness games is by and large recognized to detain widen â€Å"the brain’s adolescence† . 1. 2Therapeutic Applications of Online Gaming Online bet oning present an experience to Special group of people to be helped. There are many instances in the real-life that the consequence of the clip expend in practical universe. merely as spend clip in existent life. due to the extraordinary regulations of practical universes enable users to set up a societal web in the practical circumstance ( Lo et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Effects of Online Gaming Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . 2005 ) . Therefore. those practical circumstance has become a supererogatory and implicit in intervention locales to psychological or physiological unable to pass on successfully with people in existent life and those people could see the feelings and to pass on with people to get the better of their ain defects. Bennett A ; Beith stated ( 2007 ) 2. Education Harmonizing to de Freitas and Griffiths. online bet oning dramas an of import function in instruction. Many games teach participants common sense and many utile accomplishments in their day-to-day life. 2. 1Military TrainingDue to the importance of response in the existent battleground. military face an tremendous challenge. In order to cover with the exigency critical state of affairs. an advanced preparation role-play game plan is designed. For illustration. utilizing massively multiplayer online bet oning to improvised explosive device ( IED ) preparation. The MMOG make a graphic context to soldiers to accommodate the circumstance of war in which will be demo the cultural and Military trap. Understanding the state of affairs is the indispensable component of soldiers. In the simulation. they could better their single and cooperation accomplishments and even leading which are occupies a prima place in the existent battleground. MMOG apply the engineering to develop new and effectual equipments and accomplishments to heighten the combat capacity. Trainer could besides get feedback from MMOG to sum up the experience including failures and success. ( O’Connor A ; Menaker ) 2. 2Identity and personal ends the deficiency of societal interaction that consequences from Age restrictions can hold can hold long term societal effects. Therefore. the accomplishments of societal. group. and determination devising may can be obtained by utilizing the games. thereinto. the game â€Å"identity building circumstance ( ICEs ) † as an illustration. this creative activity is designed for committed to supply an chance for immature people get to cognize their ain personality. particularly in the personal and moral values. Thankss to a practical circumstance such illimitable characteristic make this possible. Bers ( 2001 ) takes the this position in his article. In other on-line bet oning production of ICE produced for adolescent is â€Å"Reach Out Central† . it aim to assist user detect essment portion of their personal including the reaction. feeling and the train of idea when they be involved in exigencies

Free Essays on Family and Religious Values

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and check to see if religious and family values determine the respect for and of authority on Wiley’s campus. Studies and observations of other campuses as well as Wiley, has lead this observer to believe that due to the lack of religious and family values, students have grown or became disrespectful to any authority on the college’s campus. This authority portrays its self in the form of an Instructor that cannot control his or her class due to the behavior of the students towards the instructor. The authority also comes in the form of policies on cheating and plagiarizing on exams, research papers, and written assignments. Finally, yet importantly do not forget the committing and vagrant disregard for rules and laws, which can range from drugs and alcohol to the parking in handicap spaces without a permit. The findings of this research will show how and to what extent that religious and family values have to play in the de termining respect for and of authority on Wiley campus. Respect for authority comes in many forms. However many scholars believe that the Family and the Religious Values that are installed into or taught to a child influence highly how that child will respect the authority in what ever form that is presented to them. When it comes to how the values of the family responds to the use of alcohol and drugs, the parent must take the No-Alcohol stance. This stance must remain in force and not to be under minded by the parents themselves or anybody else. The bonds that the parent develops with their children and the behavior that they model will go a long way on how our children will look at the use of alcohol and drugs. As well, the parents actions speak louder than what they actually say. It is what the parent’s model to the kid’s that is really the key to how the kid will act in the future, especially when presented with difficult problems or the decision ... Free Essays on Family and Religious Values Free Essays on Family and Religious Values The purpose of this study is to evaluate and check to see if religious and family values determine the respect for and of authority on Wiley’s campus. Studies and observations of other campuses as well as Wiley, has lead this observer to believe that due to the lack of religious and family values, students have grown or became disrespectful to any authority on the college’s campus. This authority portrays its self in the form of an Instructor that cannot control his or her class due to the behavior of the students towards the instructor. The authority also comes in the form of policies on cheating and plagiarizing on exams, research papers, and written assignments. Finally, yet importantly do not forget the committing and vagrant disregard for rules and laws, which can range from drugs and alcohol to the parking in handicap spaces without a permit. The findings of this research will show how and to what extent that religious and family values have to play in the de termining respect for and of authority on Wiley campus. Respect for authority comes in many forms. However many scholars believe that the Family and the Religious Values that are installed into or taught to a child influence highly how that child will respect the authority in what ever form that is presented to them. When it comes to how the values of the family responds to the use of alcohol and drugs, the parent must take the No-Alcohol stance. This stance must remain in force and not to be under minded by the parents themselves or anybody else. The bonds that the parent develops with their children and the behavior that they model will go a long way on how our children will look at the use of alcohol and drugs. As well, the parents actions speak louder than what they actually say. It is what the parent’s model to the kid’s that is really the key to how the kid will act in the future, especially when presented with difficult problems or the decision ...

12 German Movie Recommendations For German Learners

12 German Movie Recommendations For German Learners Watching a movie in a foreign language is a fun and helpful way to help you learn the language. If youre at the beginning of your language-learning journey, look for films with subtitles, either in German or English translations, depending on your level of ability. But even if youre not a pro, letting your brain relax and not try so hard and just absorb the language on the screen taps into a different way of learning. Its how people naturally learn their native tongue: by listening and needing to understand. We asked our readers what movies were especially helpful to help them learn the language. Here are 12 of their German movie recommendations: 1. Sophie Scholl – Die Letzten Tage,  2005 Ken Masters says: Sorry, don’t have time to write a full review, but it’s not necessary- these films, especially Sophie Scholl, speak for themselves. And, if you’re interested in the history of film, then you have to watch the silent film Metropolis (1927). 2. The Edukators, 2004 Kieran Chart says: â€Å"I would recommend ‘The Edukators.’ It’s a really good movie and also has an interesting message. To add to that, ‘The Counterfeiters’ (‘Die Flscher’) is a really good German war movie concerning a Nazi plot to counterfeit English and American money and flood the economy with these false notes, bringing it to its knees. Then, of course, it would be remiss of me to not include ‘Das Boot.’ Really worth a watch. Suspense doesn’t get better in a movie. Enjoy.† 3. â€Å"Die Welle† (â€Å"The Wave†), 2008 Vlasta Veres says: â€Å"‘Die Welle’ is also one of my favorites. The story starts with a simple high school workshop, where through a game, a teacher explains how fascism works. However, you can see how gradually students start getting carried away and start acting violently toward other groups. This movie perfectly depicts the psychology of a group and how humanness can step away in front of instincts inside us that are frightening. Definitely a must see.† 4. â€Å"Himmel uber Berlin† (â€Å"Wings of Desire†), 1987 Christopher G says: This â€Å"is a film I have seen often; it never fails to challenge and force questions. Wonderful direction and script by Wim Wenders. Bruno Ganz communicates with silent gestures more than his words. Intriguing line: ‘Ich weiss jetzt, was kein Engel weiss.’† 5. â€Å"Erbsen auf Halb 6,† 2004 Apollon says: â€Å"The last film that I watched was ‘Drei.’ Such a good movie. But I’ve watched before a better one called â€Å"Erbsen auf Halb 6,† about a blind woman and a famous movie director who becomes blind after an accident.† 6. â€Å"Das Boot,† 1981 Sachin Kulkarni says: â€Å"The last German film I saw was ‘Das Boot’ by Wolfgang Petersen. This movie dates back to World War II and is about a submarine carrying a relatively young crew. Very good movie with a sad ending.† 7. â€Å"Almanya - Willkommen in Deutschland,† 2011 Ken Masters says: â€Å"A serious/comical look at Turks in Germany. Mostly lighthearted, but dealing with sometimes serious subjects and cultural differences.† 8. â€Å"Pina,† 2011 Amelia says: â€Å"Testimonials and dance moves created by the company’s dancers make a beautiful tribute to the choreographer Pina Bausch.† 9. â€Å"Nosferatu the Vampyre,† 1979 Gary NJ says: Werner â€Å"Herzog’s ‘Nosferatu’ from 1979 with Klaus Kinski and Bruno Ganz is very good. The scenery and music are great. A good creepy movie for fall or Halloween.† This film is an art-house vampire horror flick. 10. â€Å"Goodbye Lenin,† 2003 Jaime says â€Å"... a bittersweet take on the fall of the Berlin Wall and the western economic change in East Germany, which he tries to hide from his ill mother.† 11. â€Å"Das Leben der Anderen,† 2006 Emmett Hoops says: â€Å"‘Das Leben der Anderen’ is probably the most beautiful, most moving film to come out of Germany in the past 30 years. Another good one is ‘Der Untergang,’ with Bruno Ganz as Hitler. It shows the insanity of National Socialism brought to its inevitable (and hotly desired by Hitler) conclusion.† 12. â€Å"Chinesisches Roulette,† 1976 Anonymous  says: â€Å"The climax of the film is the 15-minute guessing game of the title, with lots of questions of the form ‘if this person were X, what kind of X would they be?’ Plenty of practice with Konjunktiv 2.†

Beginning the Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beginning the Audit Report - Essay Example Our approach to this audit will be based on the appropriate selection of audit staff. The choice of audit staff for this appointment shall exhibit necessary qualifications, skills, relevant general experience, relevant specific experience, exposure to donor funded projects, and prior working relations as a successful team We as Kantha Audit firm are grateful having been appointed as Apollo Shoes Auditors. We provide a comprehensive and modern audit service for both statutory and other purposes. The basis of our audit approach is a close understanding of the operations of the Apollo Shoes, its systems and controls, and the environment in which it operates. It is important to make clarification that the management of Apollo Shoes is solely responsible for the preparation of the financial statements. We as the auditors are only responsibility is to express an opinion of the financial statements after our audit of them. The audit approach that we will adopt, takes into consideration the overall environment of Apollo Shoes. Audit procedures for this audit mission will be of the highest quality, based on the GAAP and IAS-and International Auditing Standards. This will assist us to attain reasonable assurance and evidence to base our audit opinion (Gray & Manson 2007). We will require full access to all financial and accounting systems and records in order to carry out our audit in an effective and efficient manner. In addition, having been appointed as the new auditor should we require any information regarding to prior financial period and internal controls we will be obliged to contact the prior auditors if any (Kimbell 2002). The audit work is expected to kick-off on 1st March 2012 and run for eight working days, but we are ready to start even at an earlier date of your convenience, with the culmination of presentation of the final audit report on 23rd March 2012. Our fee for

Sample Exam Paper Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sample Exam Paper Questions - Essay Example Worthington and Britton (2009, p.6) define the macro environment as â€Å"those ... factors ...which affect a wide variety of businesses and which can emanate not only from local and national sources but also from international and supranational developments†. There are many variants, including different factors, but the framework to be used for this analysis is the STEEPLE framework, representing the Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal and Ethical factors that affect business and over which business has no control. A macro-environmental analysis is contained within the following diagram: Figure One: Macro-Environmental Analysis for UniQlo Expansion into the UK Consumer Behaviour The British retail culture is based around a consumption model that focuses on products and the image that such products convey when seen in conjunction with the consumer. Hoyer and MacInnis (2010) identify several components that make up the consumer’s cult ure: diversity, social class and household influences, psychographics (including values, personality and lifestyles, and social influences. They link these to the psychological core which includes motivation ability and opportunity; exposure, attention and perception; knowing and understanding; attitude formation and change; and memory and retrieval. This feeds into the process of making decisions (following a logical decision making process of problem recognition and information search, judgment and decision making and post-decision processes. The final element of the consumer’s culture is evidenced through the adoption of, resistance to and diffusion of innovations, symbolic consumer behaviour and ethics and the dark side of consumer behaviour. For the UK consumer where luxury fashion is control, diversity is affected by income levels and the need for luxury goods as part of their lifestyle. With the current austerity programme being implemented within the country, only tho se with a substantial income who will not be affected by such things as an increase in taxes, or a reduction of income, or both, will be able to indulge in luxury goods. The consumer market for UniQlo is therefore limited by levels of income, rather than by other indicators of diversity, such as race or religion. Social class and household influences will again be determined to a great extent by available income, whether generated by working or as income from investments. UniQlo will need to target the upper middle classes and above, who need luxury fashion items for social occasions or for their work appearance. Values in the UK appear to be undergoing substantial changes, including a more selfish outlook that sees those without work, for example, as scroungers rather than individuals who have simply lost their jobs through no fault of their own. The same applies to those who are homeless or disabled. The focus for personalities is, as mentioned previously, the consumption of goods that convey a particular image that works for the consumer. Lifestyles will be changing for the majority of the UK population as taxes increase for those earning up to six figures per annum, and benefits reduce for those who are out of work, disabled and/or homeless. Social influences are also changing, as more people begin to object to the austerity programme and the effects of that programme begin to take effect. There is the possibility of riots as the electorate become disenchanted with a coalition

Li and Fung Limited Essay Example for Free

Li and Fung Limited Essay Ans#1- Li Fung Limited is a global trading group. A company would like to use the supply chain management services of Li Fung because it manages the supply chain for high volume, time sensitive consumer goods, delivering the right location. It focuses on providing a one- stop shop service through a network of 69 sourcing offices in 40 countries. Company would prefer Li Fung rather than organising in-house department or appointing a senior manager to handle these activities because it provides services range from product design , development, through raw material and factory sourcing, production planning and management, quality assurance and on to export documentation and shipping consolidation. Moreover company use Li Fung because it could be an effort to also reduce costs. Ans#2- Li Fung expand its global sourcing network through acquisitions since it has found developing networks from the ground up tends to take a long time and to be relatively expensive. Li Fung acquired companies like Inchcape Buying Services in 1995, Swire Maclaine Ltd , Camberley Enterprises Ltd and Colby Group Holdings Ltd. These all are well established companies. Li Fung company is in favour of acquisitions because it doubled the size of company and expanded the companys customer base in Europe and strengthen its position in the U.S. These acquisitions increased the size of Li Fungs sourcing network from 48 offices in 32 countries in 1999 to 68 offices in 40 countries in 2001. Ans#3- Internet opens the door to new levels of connectedness to customers. Successful firms on the Web have used cyberspace to achieve their objectives. Li Fung use the Internet to capture additional business like small to medium- size -businesses that is characterized by small order size and shorter delivery requirements. But they cannot afford large sum of money in inventory. Internet provides solution to these kind of problems. It could allow Li Fung to consolidate small orders for mass production by existing supplier network. Li Fung allow these smaller businesses to have their own private label. The choices available online would allow a product to have the small businesss own distinctive label attached with choices available online and would choices of embroidery colors and packaging. Li Fung should use search engine optimization for increase the awareness of its website. In order to make the additional businesses profitable Li Fung could use their website www.studiodirect.com in many ways. The studio direct will combine its expertise in sourcing and merchandising of apparel with supply chain efficiency. It will derive from its web- based trading. Studio Direct has outsourced every aspect of delivery from pick and pack, shipping and customer clearance.

Standardizing The Mind :: essays research papers

Standardizing the Mind Is it safe to assume that all people are capable of learning the same things? Should the educational system be allowed to say what is useful information and what is not for human learning and development? These questions deserve attention since the answers can determine so much about someone's future. One standard set for students is the SAT test. Most Colleges use this single test score along with GPA to determine whether or not a potential student will be allowed enrollment to their school. An SAT test is based in two subjects, mathematics and English. By placing such heavy emphasis on these areas of learning, do we plan to grant the best higher education to those who are gifted writers and mathematicians? Perhaps we don't intend to do this, but an underlying social bias affects the way we value knowledge or what we think smart people know how to do. Students are encouraged to be doctors, lawyers, mathematicians, or engineers; they are encouraged to shoot for a high status occupation that will generate wealth. In America we like money, we like jobs that make us money, not jobs that make us good people. Our society values scientists. The scope of Western thought is based on reason and logic, everything that we produce is supposed to have a direct purpose and function, production for the sake of consumption. What happened to creating something for thought? Where did our artists go? When was the last time the US won a Nobel Prize in Philosophy or any field other than Science? We don't think about things unless we get paid for it. Why is an artist not as important to us as a brain surgeon? I think both can show us great and interesting things, but for now I think that an artist can tell us more about human thought. From as early as grade school we are taught the 'Scientific Method', when maybe we should spend more time with finger paints and cooperative learning. In my mind the two most important traits an individual can develop are appreciation for individual creativity and understanding the benefits of sharing that inner individualism with others. No two people are the same, but sharing what we do is best for everyone. People can learn about themselves, their goals and what makes them happy by seeing what other people are capable of producing and realizing that they are also endowed to create.

Case Coca-Cola Essay

Introduction Coca-Cola is one of the most respected companies in America. Here in the Philippines, Coca-Cola is still the patronized brand of soda. Coca Cola’s refreshing taste provides happiness to the people. Coca-Cola Neville Isdell is the new chief executive after Robert C. Goizueta died. Coca-Cola Company has a sole product line to offer in the market which is the carbonated soda like Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Coke operations take place in India, China, and other 14 country around the world to reach the target market in dispersed area and to increase their market share. Through the effort of Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola rapidly grows in the year 1980’s to 1990’s when they introduce the product in the market. Coca Cola bottling operations was given to Cola-Cola Enterprises Inc. which Coca Cola Co. owns 49% of the stocks that allows them have enough control on the operations. Coke has a control on the pricing of the products and the decision on how many vending machines Coca-Cola Enterprises will purchase that will be used in distributing the coke products. Coke rival competitor in the market is the Pepsi Co. which grabs all the opportunities for the company to widen their product line which are interrelated. The goal of PepsiCo is to capture the area where there is strong possibility that they will grow. PepsiCo outlays Coca-Cola in expanding their product line by acquisition and mergers. Background of the problem Statement of the problem †¢What strategy can Coca-Cola use to cope up to the changing environment to become a market driven organization? Analysis of the problem Coca-Cola basically does not adapt changes in the market. They are ignoring the fact that their product is not in trend today. The members of the top management are still thinking in the past and try to strengthen the company by using the tactic that the former CEO Robert Goizueta used long ago. By doing this the company will be customer focus Alternative courses of action †¢Coca-Cola’s top management must initiate the transformation of the company to become a market driven organization. He must influence his subordinates by serving as a role model so that the frontline employees will be encourage to exert more effort in providing satisfaction or delight to customers. †¢Coca-Cola must implement innovation to their products that would fit the customer demand. They can also produce a new line of beverages that are healthy like milk and tea which will be offered to those people who are health conscious and are old citizens of the country. †¢Coca-Cola must acquire or enter in a merge with a beverage business other than soda. By this they can widen their product line and they can have other source of income other than carbonated soda that the demands start to decline. This is cause by the health conscious individuals and the product is perceive as bad to the human body because it can cause acidity if there is too much consumption. â₠¬ ¢Status-quo Recommendation Learning †¢Company must be market oriented, customer focus and possesses competitor intelligence. These factors are very important in providing customer satisfaction or delight. Customer is the one you would think in running your business because without them your business and your concept is useless. †¢Company should be dynamic and are not afraid to adapt to the new trends today. Everything is dynamic or changing, so the company should also be flexible enough to survive in the market in the long run. †¢Top management must be open-minded in the changes in the market to avoid the growth of a business or organization. Once the top management are stock in the traditional mindset and don’t permit change the company will never grow because today nothing is permanent.

Poverty-a Social Evil Essay

Poverty is the cause of all social Evils This universe is replete with innumerable masses who are unable to afford the bare minimum necessities of life. They live below the poverty line and even face the problem of getting a square meal. They lack in food, clothes and shelter. Generally they live in slums and jhuggis. They move from pillar to post in search of food but return in the evening empty handed. They even spread their hands before all but remain devoid of alms. Poverty leads to criminal activities like robbery, thefts, Murder, kidnapping and looting. Now and then one can find headlines in the papers about their criminal activities. We often come across reports about whole family committing suicide by taking poison as they cannot afford a square meal. Even the parents do not hesitate to sell their children for just Rs. 1000. These are such a people who kill their small wards because they cannot provide them the minimum necessities of life. Woman you can be even seen selling their bodies or working as sex-workers. When people are unable to get their livelihood by honest means, they are bound to turn into criminals. Very often people find criminals living only in slums. Poverty is the cause of all social Evils This universe is replete with innumerable masses who are unable to afford the bare minimum necessities of life. They live below the poverty line and even face the problem of getting a square meal. They lack in food, clothes and shelter. Generally they live in slums and jhuggis. They move from pillar to post in search of food but return in the evening empty handed. They even spread their hands before all but remain devoid of alms. Poverty leads to criminal activities like robbery, thefts, Murder, kidnapping and looting. Now and then one can find headlines in the papers about their criminal activities. We often come across reports about whole family committing suicide by taking poison as they cannot afford a square meal. Even the parents do not hesitate to sell their children for just Rs. 1000. These are such a people who kill their small wards because they cannot provide them the minimum necessities of life. Woman you can be even seen selling their bodies or working as sex-workers. When people are unable to get their livelihood by honest means, they are bound to turn into criminals. Very often people find criminals living only in slums.

Ways to Reduce Fluoride Exposure

Ways to Reduce Fluoride Exposure If youre looking to reduce your intake of fluorine and fluoride (one is the element, one is the ion, both are toxic), it may help you to know what everyday products contain them and what steps you can take to limit your exposure: Dont drink unfiltered public water. Assume its fluoridated unless you know otherwise. Most home water filters will not remove fluoride.Dont take fluoride supplements.Try to limit drinking soda because its generally made with fluoridated water. Reconstituted fruit juice, beer, and wine also tend to be made with fluoridated water. Read labels on bottled beverages and look for water purifed using reverse osmosis or distillation. If those processes are not specifically named, assume the water is fluoridated.Read the label on bottled water. Again, look for water purified using reverse osmosis or distillation.Consider using unfluoridated toothpaste.Avoid drinking black or red tea. Black and red tea come from two different types of plants, but both leaves naturally contain high amounts of fluorine. If you drink tea, brew it yourself, using unfluoridated water.Choose organic fruits and vegetables since the US National Organic Program does not permit the use of the pesticides that leave high fluoride residues. Expect tinned fish and canned food items to contain fluoride.Avoid or limit your consumption of mechanically deboned chicken in any form, including chicken nuggets, canned chicken, and baby food. Traces of fluoride (from bones) remain from the deboning process.Fluoride may be used as a preservative in many products.Sometimes you will be able to see this on the product label.Avoid black or red rock salt or items containing black or red rock salt.Avoid using chewing tobacco.Avoid long term use of medications that contain fluorine.If you use a fluoridated toothpaste, rinse your mouth with water after brushing your teeth.If you need anesthesia, ask your doctor about options using drugs that do not contain fluorine.Avoid overheating teflon pans while cooking, as some of the teflon (a fluorine compound) may be released into the air.

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Every year about 500 students get a perfect score on the SAT. How many questions can you get wrong and still be among this elite group? Find out here in a complete breakdown ofthe Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing sections across eight official SAT practice tests. How Is the SAT Scored? To understand how many questions you can get wrong and still achieve a perfect 1600, you need to understand how the test is scored. I'll give a brief summary here, but if you're interested in more details about the scoring process, check out ourguide onhow to calculate SAT score. For the whole test, you receive one point for correct answers, and you receive zero points for a wrong answer and questions skipped. Since you’re not penalized for wrong answers, skipping or answering a question incorrectly results in the same score. NOTE:The essay is not factored into your composite SAT score (400-1600 scale), so I will not discuss it further in this article. However, for more information on the new SAT essay, read our other guide. To calculate your Math section, you start by calculating a raw score, which is simply the number of questions answered correctly (if you answered 50 correctly, your raw score is 50). For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section, you start by calculating two raw scores: one for the Reading portion and one for the Writing and Language portion. Just as in the Math section, the raw scores are just the number of questions answered correctly. For both sections, each raw score is then converted into a scaled score - the exact conversion varies by test date. However, the College Board provides this example chart intheir SAT practice testas an estimate: Let's go through how the scoring works for each section in a bit more depth.For Math, the raw to scaled score conversion is very simple. Let’s say you miss two questions (you got 56 correct out of 58 questions); your raw score will be a 56. You then find the corresponding scaled score for Math on the chart, which is 790. Your Math section score would be a 790. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, the conversion is a little more complicated since you get two raw scores. If you missed three questions in Reading (got 49 of 52 correct), your raw score would be 49. If you missed ten questions in Writing (got 34 of 44 correct), your raw score would be 34. You then find the corresponding scaled score for each of those sections: Reading: 49 questions right = 38 scaled score Writing: 34 questions right = 32 scaled score Next, you add together the two separate scaled scores and multiply by 10 to get your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score. (38 + 32) x 10 = 70 x 10 =700 Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score would be 700.Now let’s get back to the original question. Exactly How Many Questions Can You Get Wrong or Skip and Still Get a 1600? Since the scores on the individual sections are simply added together to create your composite SAT score, you need to score 800 on the two sections (Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing) to get a score of 1600. In the chart below, I have analyzed eight official SAT score charts and determined the number of questions you can get wrong or skip on each part of the test for an 800 in the section. These official practice SAT were written by the same people who write actual SATs. This means they're a great resource for analysis because you can be sure they'll be very similar to the SAT you take on exam day. NOTE: Since you’re not penalized for wrong answers, skipping vs. answering a question incorrectly results in the same score. Number of Questions You Can Get Wrong in Each Section and Still Get a Perfect Score Math Reading Writing Total Test 1 0 1 0 1 Test 2 0 0 0 0 Test 3 0 1 0 1 Test 4 1 0 0 1 Test 5 0 0 1 1 Test 6 0 1 0 1 Test 7 0 0 0 0 Test 8 1 0 0 1 Typically, to get an 800 in Math, you cannot miss any questions because you need to get a raw score of 58 (out of 58 questions). Occasionally, an SAT will allow you to get one wrong answer in Math as you can see on Tests 4 and 8. However, I would not count on that, as it is not the norm. If you're aiming for 1600, strive for perfection in Math. To get an 800 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you cannot get any questions wrong on the Writing and Reading portions. Occasionally, an SAT will allow you to get one wrong or to skip one as you can see on Tests 1, 3 and 5 for the Reading section, or Test 5 for the Writing section. However, as with Math, that is not the norm. If you're aiming for 1600, prepare to get zero wrong in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. Overall, on the SAT, you should aim to get no questions wrong if you want a perfect score.This is no easy feat, but it is possible. After all, about 500 students do it each year! What Does This Mean If You'reTrying to Get a 1600? You need to make sure that you can finish the entire test in the allotted time since you cannot afford to skip or miss any questions. For Math, you need to be basically perfect. You can see, through my analysis, on six out of eight Math sections, you cannot get any questions wrong if you want an 800. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you also need to be basically perfect. On three out of eight Reading portions, you could get one wrong and still get 800, but you can’t rely on having that opportunity. On seven out of eight Writing sections, you cannot get any questions wrong if you want an 800. What's Next? Trying to get a perfect SAT score? You should check out our SAT study guide. Taking the SAT soon and need to improve your score in a hurry? Read our SAT cramming guide. Aiming for the Ivy League? Read our guide to getting in! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Immanuel Kant's attempt to reconcile materialism and dualist ideas Essay

Immanuel Kant's attempt to reconcile materialism and dualist ideas - Essay Example Kant was in agreement with most of his predecessors who claimed that through analyzing practical reason, one would only deduce the need for any rational agents to adhere to instrumental principles. On the other hand, he also maintained that adherence to the Categorical Imperative, which is a non-instrumental principle, together with the moral requirements, is vital to rational agents. It is for his view that there has to be autonomy in rational will, or freedom in terms of writing its binding law. As such, morality’s basic principle is mainly the freedom that comes with it in terms of autonomous will. According to Kant’s thoughts, the occurrence of self-governing reason among individuals provided effective grounds for holding each one as of equal respect and equal worth. The autonomy of will as expressed by Kant in his description of the groundwork of morality thus questions the impact of materialism in terms of the mechanistic laws that have been developed to govern so ciety, forcing individuals to conform to the already predetermined thought and consequences. As such, Kant believes that such laws inhibit freedom; hence, morality since individuals need to be free to choose to assume accountability. To have a clear understanding of Kant’s view concerning materialism and dualism, it is important to review his thought on moral law and duty. Kant observed that duty respects lawfulness, an aspect that formed its singular motivation. It is important to note that laws or rules establish duties. For instance, the bylaws established by a certain club would spell out the duties that are to be carried out by each of its officers. On the other hand, the state or city laws define the duties that are to be carried out by its citizens. As such, if one engages in something because it is their duty in their capacity, or their civic duty, or as good citizens, then their motivation

Argument for and Against Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Argument for and Against Education - Essay Example Such oppositions of education are because of the numerous ineffective educational institutions existing today. These educational institutions have compromised the quality of education and have only opened people’s eyes, but completely closed their minds. This is a worrying situation, as today’s education systems have not achieved their full potential of empowering people’s mind and soul. Our education systems therefore play an important role in hindering the purpose of education today. Nonetheless, education is the main factor that encompassing our lives today. It is instrumental in the stimulation of the human mind, as well as turning inquisitive minds into intellectuals. Institutions of higher learning advance the intellect to a higher level, providing them a deeper understanding of the world around us. The benefits of education are all encompassing, including intellectual, social, and emotional benefits. However, Veblen (1957, p.139) argues that in the busines s world, there is no need for education, basing on confessions of prominent business people, who regarded higher learning as a hindrance, which does not help anyone with successful business aspirations. To him, the money culture, and customer-oriented pervasions of education values have commodified education, measuring its worth by monetary units. This reduces education to nothing, and prevents students and teachers from pursuing knowledge freely, as they only pursue academic credits. Commodification of education in the institutions of higher learning today is an issue that has portrayed education in a negative life. This is what makes most people argue against education today. In today’s age of financial greed, many institutions of higher learning... This essay stresses that our present society has evolved into the culture of materialism and the love for money. This culture has found its way into the learning institutions, thereby causing the commodification of education and the commercialization of researches, thus compromising the quality of education in these institutions. This unfortunate situation in our higher learning institutions is not reason enough to disregard education. This paper makes a conclusion that the role of education and its numerous social and economic benefits in society cannot be denied. Education is a known means to poverty eradication and development. Today’s technological advances and economic development are a result of education. Education remains the only basis for future development. Education programs therefore need to be fully funded, as this is a worthy investment for any country. Redefinition of education to capture its original purpose is necessary today. Governments should be devoted to providing support systems for revamping of their education systems. We need to take our educational systems to their old days, when they upheld values and served their function. This way, the function and quality of education today will be enhanced. However, this should be a collective role for both government and the public. The public should know the requirements of education, and not allow these to be violated by politicians or the media.

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get Annotated Bibliography

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get married should be introduced - Annotated Bibliography Example It underscores the fact that divorce is on the rise due to unpreparedness. This source is useful to the research topic because it shows that marriage may not work well without the necessary lessons on this institution. It also helps to show the challenges in life that make people opt for divorce. It is argued that people change every ten years in several aspects and this poses a challenge to their partners. This article therefore adds a lot significance to the research topic as it shows that indeed it important for people to be taken through marriage classes before getting married. This source reviews what it means to get into marriage. It outlines the challenges that marriage presents and what it means financially if a couple goes for a divorce. It also outlines the legal repercussions of perpetrators of domestic violence. It helps a reader to have a preview of what marriage is. Getting to know some of these facts may lead to a change in decision on who to marry or getting married to. It also adds much significance to the research topic because it exactly supports the topic. It advocates for marriage class sessions before getting married and attaches a financial incentive to those who attend these classes. The fact that this article gives the views of the Florida Supreme Court on the significance of marriage classes before marriage shows how important this topic is. This article contains details and a procedure to be following for those wishing to get married in the state of Florida. Among the requirements at the state of Florida before one gets married is that he or she has to read the Family Law Handbook. Applicants are also required to attend marriage classes and are given financial incentives for that. This article shows the significance with which marriage counseling is viewed in the state of Florida. In my paper, I

Analysis of the Use of Clinical Audits in Healthcare

Analysis of the Use of Clinical Audits in Healthcare Introduction The quality of health care system is important to patients and the Government. High level of quality patient care is the ultimate aim in current health care practices. Service providers wish to deliver quality health care. Patients are the appropriate authority to determine whether the experience of health care is good. Effectiveness of care pertains to treatment and support and helps us to judge whether staffs are, doing the right thing in a right way to achieve best clinical outcomes (Patel, 2010).Audit of services is therefore very important to ensure that the clinical practices are adhered to set professional standards and criteria. On the other hand health services are focusing on new information and knowledge for advanced clinical practice. Research is focused on this area in order to develop new practices and standards in health care system. Researches make changes to health care system by advancement of knowledge and practice. The aim of this paper is to identify the difference between audit and research and analyzing the benefits and limitations of audit. An overview of clinical audit. Audit derived from a Latin word, which means an official inspection of an organizations official accounts, by an independent body (Esposito Canton, 2014). Clinical audit is measuring the quality of patient care provided against a set well defines standards (Yorston Wormald, 2010). It gives staff a systemic way of looking into their practice and making improvements (Bennadi et al, 2014). Pioneer of clinical audit is Florence Nightingale whose work was searching reasons for high mortality in hospitals in 1850s. As per her assessment she reinforced cleanliness resulted in a drastic reduction in mortality rate. (Bennadi et al, 2010). Clinical audit Vs research Clinical audit and clinical research are entirely two different domains (Yorston Wormald, 2010). Clinical audit and research involves some common components. Hence, there is a great deal of controversy (Bennadi et al, 2014) in both terms. Audit compares the current clinical practice against well-defined standard/criteria, while research aims to define the characteristics of good practice on an unknown land (Esposito Canton, 2014). Audit focused on evaluating the existing practice; rather than discovering new information. Research is proven to be a larger scale study that aims at establishing new practices or procedures to carry out a particular task in a different method. The focus of research is further development of existing practice. However, audit is monitoring a task to determine whether a particular task has undertaken as per set standards or criteria. Audits check the quality of the task or procedure (Bennadi et al, 2014). Audit is generally undertaken on a local basis; how ever it is not limited to. (Hughes, 2005). Research aims to obtain new knowledge and to fill in any knowledge gaps. Research focuses on defining questions, making inclusion and exclusion criterias for people or problems to address and any developing clinical interventions or outcomes. Research methods for data collection and analysis that is applied are suitable to the topics for research (Strauss and Sackett, 1998, Hughes, 2005). Audit focuses on evaluating and analyzing the existing ones, not developing new practices (Difference between audit and research, 2014). But, research is aimed at developing new procedures to carry out in a more effective ways of carrying out. The focus on research is invention of new and further development of the old. The aim of an audit is to determine whether the standards and procedures are being followed and whether a task is completed properly. The aim of research is to add onto a body of research and to increase the amount of knowledge and learning available on a specific subject matter (Difference between audit and research, 2014). Also, unlike audits that measure tasks and procedures against a set out standard, research aims to test the hypothesis that is established by the researcher when beginning their experiments (Twycross Shorten 2014). Research considered as a broader field in the field of health. Research requires lot of education and training. Researchers undergo research education and training as a part of their university programme of study to gain the foundation to conduct a research (Hughes, 2005). In contrast, audit emphasized on areas, which needs improvement. Audit can undertake by anyone who is interested in a particular field and few receive education and training (Nettleton and Ireland, 2000). As per Hughess review, researchers involved in audit may benefit from approaches and techniques used to implement findings that could potentially serve to fill the research-practice gap. Equally, those involved in audit will benefit from sampling techniques in research that can help to improve generalisability. Some similarities are identified between audit and research despite their differences. Audit and research starts with a question, require data to answer questions, and systematic approach (Twycross Shorten 2014), also both needs an investigator (Abbasi Heath, 2005). Difference between clinical audit and research is showed in the below table, which was adapted from Bennadi et al, 2014 and Twycross Shorten 2014. Clinical audit Research 1 Audit uses comparison of current clinical practice Research uses experimental methods such as randomised control trials. 2 Uses simple descriptive statistics to describe current practice standards. Uses a range of statistics to make inferences. 3 Audit relates to a particular area of attention. Research can be generalized to other populations. 4 Audit measures how well current practices are carried out against clinical policies and procedures. Research provided evidences for clinical policies and procedures. 5 It is practice based. Research is theory based practice. 6 Ongoing process of quality assurance. One- off study. 7 No involvement of placebo treatment. May involve placebo treatment. 8 No changes involved in treatments of patients. Changes in treatment process. 9 Ethical approval is not required. Requires ethical approval. Benefits of clinical audit Audit conducted against set standards (Patel, 2010, Hughes, 2005) in a cyclic (Tsaloglidou, 2009, Hughes, 2005) process to ensure tasks carried out correctly. At the end of audit cycle auditors are able to address the areas of improvement and give feedback to the personnel who are involved in that particular task. Reaudit should carry out after an agreed period of implementing changes (Bennadi et al, 2014). Regular auditing alerts the health care professional the shortfall (Patel, 2010) in health care delivery system. Also helps us to find out whether staffs are practicing as per standards set by the organization to achieve therapeutic (Patel, 2010) patient care, identifies the factors causing failure to make improvements (Yorston Wormald, 2010). Therefore, organization can take actions to improve the area. Every time an audit cycle is completed there should be further improvement in patient care (Yorston and Wormald, 2010). Audit and feedback often used in health care setting to improve health care professional performance. Discrepancies in health care practices against set standards are highlighted in clinical audit that helps to identify the practices needed to improve for quality care (Esposito Canton, 2014). Tsaloglidou explains that the key for quality assurance and consistent delivery of high quality health services is the appropriate organization of the health center environment. The benefits of audit are apparent for health care professionals as it reduces frustration, reduces organizational and clinical error, improves communications between professionals and secures effective medical defense through risk avoidance (Tsaloglidou, 2009). An audit is not only a tool for monitoring change in clinical practice, but also an educational tool (Tsaloglidou, 2009). As the improvement of health care is a cost-effective procedure, audit is revealed to be a very useful tool in management Limitations of clinical audit Educational and training issue has a huge impact on carrying out an effective audit. Audit should not consider as a light work. It does require knowledge, experience and skills to perform effectively because auditing required to choose appropriate question, analytical method and to be undertaken in a sensitive (Hughes, 2010) way. In general, audit tends to be an activity that be undertaken by anyone without proper training and analytical skills with an aim to improve clinical practice. Nevertheless, it is very important for the staff member who will take on to implement the audit cycle to have proper training, supervision and protected time (Mercel et al, 2006). Bowie et al identified that lack of protected time to conduct a clinical audit is a major disadvantage for health care professional. They have to do it within their own allocated clinical time. Therefore, it can potentially affect direct patient care when allocating clinical time for auditing. It is not possible to justify leaving wards understaffed and underfunded to undertake audit unless instant results are attained (Esposito Canton, 2014, Ellis et al, 2000, Hughes 2005). Subsequently it causes additional workload on key staff members when undertaking an audit (Collis, 2006, Johnston et al, 2000). Lack of support from management to make audit related improvements and changes with the view of providing quality patient care. Inadequate organizational monitoring of auditing activities and progress is a barrier to make changes in patient care. It can lead to frustration and distress on auditors (Bowie et al, 2012, Hughes, 2005). Indirect situational factors influence the success of auditing such as lack of time and resources, lack of supervision, lack of support from management, conflict within multidisciplinary team, negative attitudes associated with audit process ((Travaglia Debono, 2009, Hughes, 2005). A systematic review of Cochrane study of 140 studies tested the effectiveness of clinical audit outcome against other methods of study such as meetings and distribution of printed materials. Results were variable. Audit outcome ranges from negative outcome to very positive effect. When the audit was effective, results range from small to moderate. Moreover, the study concluded that effectiveness of audit is likely greater, when baseline adherence to recommended practice is low. Therefore, there is no clear scientific evidence to support the real effectiveness of clinical audit (Esposito Canton, 2014, Ivers et al, 2014). Conclusion In general, clinical audit considered as an effective and cost effective method for continuous quality improvement even though there are numerous limitations. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to clinicians having trouble in auditing and to determine what recommendations are made to make the audit more effective. In order to overcome the difficulties of audit, auditors need to be clear about the areas of clinical practice audited. In addition, it is very important to know the difference between audit and research to avoid inappropriate data collection while conducting an audit. Clearly, audit and research serve two distinctive purposes. References Abbasi, K., Heath, A. (2005). Ethics review of research and audit, BMJ, 330(7489), 431-432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7489.431 Bennadi, D., Konekeri, V., Kshetrimayum, N., Sibyl, S., Reddy, V. (2014). Clinical audit a literature review, Journal of international dental and medical research, 7 (2), 49-55.Retrieved from http://www.ektodermaldisplazi.com/journal.htm. Difference between audit and research (2014), Audit vs research, retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-audit-and-vs-research/ Esposito, P., Canton, A.D. (2014). Clinical audit, a valuable tool to improve quality of care: General methodology and applications in nephrology, World journal of nephrology, 3(4), 249-255. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.249. Hughes, R. (2005). Is audit research? The relationships between clinical audit and social research, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 18(4), 289-299. doi: 10.1108/09526860510602550. Mercel, S.W., Sevar, K., Sadutshan, T.D. (2006). Using clinical audit to improve the quality of obstetric care at the Tibetan Delek Hospital in North India: a logitudinal study. Quality health care, 3(4), 1-4. doi:: 10.1186/1742-4755-3-4 Nettleton, J. Ireland, A. (2000). Junior doctors views on clinical audit. Has anything changed?, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,13(6), 245-53. Retrieved from careers.bmj.com/careers/advice/Quality improvement. Patel, S. ( 2010).Iidentifying best practice principles of audit in health care, Nursing standard, 24 (32), 40-48. Retrieved from journals.rcni.com/doi/pdfplus/10.7748/ns2011.01.25.19.51.c8271. Travaglia, J., Debono,D. ( 2009) Clinical audit: a comprehensive review of the literature, Centre for Clinical Governance Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia . Retrieved from http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/literature_review_clinical_audit.pdf Tsaloglidou, A. (2009). Does audit improve the quality of care, International journal of caring sciences, 2(2), 65- 72. Retrieved from http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org Twycross, A., Shorten, A. (2014). Service evaluation, audit and research: what is the difference?, Evid Based Nursing , 17(3), 65-67. doi:10.1136/eb-2014-101871 Yorston, D., Wormald, R. (2010). Clinical auditing to improve patient outcomes, Community eye health journal, 23(74), 48-49. Retrieved from www.cehjournal.org/article/clinical-auditing-to-improve-patient-outcomes.

Minimum of Two and Human Relationships :: English Literature

Don’t be a twit Clive. Minimum of Two presents a bleak view of human relationships. Discuss in relation to three stories. â€Å"Minimum of Two† demonstrates a bleak view of human relationships, however there are a few hopeful ones. The boy and the boy’s friend show negative and pessimistic relationships. Jerra and Rachel show a plain relationship at first, however it turns more optimistic during the end. The girl and the mother have a negative damaging relationship, which does not change. All these characters demonstrate a desolate view of relationships at some stage in the novel. The boy and the boy’s friend show a plain, windswept relationship. The boy’s friend and his girlfriend travel up the coast together to his mother’s holiday house. The boy is quiet and doesn’t want to lose his friend. He follows them wherever they go and doesn’t want to accept that things are different, â€Å"he swears things are the same†, No Memory Comes†. The boy has been friends with him nearly his whole life, and doesn’t realise that his friend his moving on. The boy knows that his relationship with his friend is becoming distant. The boy is trapped in the past and terrified that things are changing. He is going to have to let go of the past, but he does not want to be separated from it. The boy and the boy’s friend showed a very ordinary relationship, that was not going to last. In the start of the novel Jerra and Rachel do not show a very optimistic relationship, however it turns out hopeful during the end. They argue a great deal and are quite distant. Jerra has a difficult lack of family support, yet he tries to keep everything together, â€Å"too many things had gone against them†, â€Å"Forest Winter†. Their relationship was very quiet and there was not a lot of communication, so Jerra decided to have a baby in order to bring them closer together. After the baby Rachel became silent, â€Å"having the baby had muted her†, ‘Forest Winter’. Rachel also felt sad and pessimistic after she had been raped, however she finds the courage to overcome this in â€Å"The strong one†. At the end of the novel when Rachel has the baby, they become very close and Jerra does not want to lose Rachel or Sam. At this point it is shown that Jerra cares and has feelings for Rachel, â€Å"I love you†, ‘Blood and Water’. Rachel and Jerra have their ups and downs, however in the end they look forward with desire and more confidence. The mother and the daughter show a very sad and unhopeful

What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project

Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1. 4. 1 Primary objective 5 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1. 4. Empirical objectives 5 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1. 5. 1 Literature review 6 1. 5. 2 Target population 6 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection 7 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis 7 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 7 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review 7 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology 7 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Res ults and Findings 7 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations 8 1. 7 SYNOPSIS 8 REFERENCES 9 Questionnaire 11 Part A – Project Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Part B – Organisational Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. Research Question – How does the matrix structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? Topic – Organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a projec t manager. KEY WORDS organisational structures management project management CONCEPT DEFINITIONS Project: According to the PMBOK – A temporary endeavor ndertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services A project management guide, and an internationally recognized standard, that provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. PMBOK – Project Management Body of Knowledge: Management Organisational structures: 1. Effective use and coordination of resources such as capital, plant materials and labour to achieve defined objectives with maximum efficiency. . People responsible for directing and running and organisation. 1. Arrangement of the work of the organisation into units and management positions between which there are defined relat ionships involving the exercise of authority and the communication of instructions and information. 2. Determination and specification of appropriate operational and functional roles and the resulting relationships. The aim of organisational structuring is to provide for an effective organisation structure which enables the best use to be made of the minds, judgements and energies of the members of the organisation. CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organising, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives (Cleland & Gareis, 2006:1-4). According to Burke (2007:28-30), modern day project management started in the early 1900’s with Henry Gantt’s development of the barchart, and project management techniques which were specifically developed for the military and aerospace projects of the 1950’s and 1960’s in America and Britain. Today, companies are encouraged to change their management systems to adapt to the project management environment. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service (PMBOK, 2004:4). According to Sandhu & Gunasekaran (2004:673-690), a project is a set of inter-related tasks that are undertaken by an organisation to meet defined objectives, that has an agreed start and finish time, is constrained by cost, and that has specified performance requirements and resources. Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. However the project manager has to interface with the line management, according to Kerzner (2006:7). Projects are performed by people and managed through people, so it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (Burke, 2007:304). Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals (Palmer, 2002:101-105). According to Gido & Clements (2003:336-339), Conflict can arise from poor or organisational issues can cause conflict in a project. mbiguous project communication, lack of information sharing, or failure to make timely decisions. Problems caused by conflict include: confusion; waste of time, money and opportunity; diminished productivity; de-motivation of individuals and teams; internal conflicts and power struggles and ultimately project failure (Box & Platts, 2005:370-387). 2 Due to the numerous working interfaces, complicated networks, and diversified team members of a large project, coordination efficiency among members of the team is vital to the project’s success (Cheng, Su & You, 2003:70-79). One of the simplest, yet most effective things upper management can do is to set out the company’s policy for project management; thus establishing the vision for how the company wants to best utilise project management concepts and gives a clear downwards communication (Eve, 2007:85-90). Successful executives and managers must maintain an appropriate balance between strategic and operational concerns, as they conduct the affairs of their organisation in a project management environment (Czuchry & Yasin, 2003:39-46). The first and most basic lesson learnt regarding project management implementation, is that top management must demonstrate its unequivocal and visible support for a transition to the project management way of goal achievement (Brown & Botha, 2005:1-7). When senior management place the responsibility for project success with the project manager, without providing adequate authority and at times, implemented changes that further undermine the project manager’s authority; it leads to project failure (Kennedy & Marx, 2009:368-373). The starting point for ensuring that matrix structures work effectively is to ensure that there is a genuine need for them (Rees & Porter, 2004:189-193). Matrix structures should not be introduced simply on the basis that they are fashionable. It is also important to note that work teams do not exist in a vacuum, but are part of a larger organisational system with distinct cultural and structural characteristics (Tata, 2000:187-193). 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY An organisational structure is a mainly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim. Organisational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. 3 A hierarchical organisation is an organisational structure where every entity in the organisation, except one, is sub-ordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of a hierarchy. In an organisation, the hierarchy usually consists of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. This is the dominant mode of organisation among large organisations; most corporations, governments, and organized religions are hierarchical organisations with different levels of management, power or authority. Organisations have recognised that performing organisational projects has increased both organisational efficiency and effectiveness, thus organisational projects are becoming more of a norm than an exception these days. Each type of organisation has advantages and disadvantages pertaining to project implementation. The organisation should establish firm, standardized project management systems. The matrix structure leads to institutionalised conflict which, if properly channelled, should lead to a number of advantages, such as efficiency and flexibility in used of resources, technical excellence of solutions, motivation and development of employees and the freeing of top management from routine decision making (Rowlinson, 2001:669-673). According to Brown (2008:1-9), a seven step organisational process needs to be formally instituted in an organisation through a thoroughly planned strategy to ensure that appropriate project management processes and tools. . 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION In recent years, managers of for-profit private organisations have been under considerable market pressures to re-orient the strategies, operations and business models of their organisations. In a response to these pressures, the organisational structures of these organisations have been steadily re-engineered from mechanistic, rigid and closed system-oriented to a more organic, flexible and open sy stem-oriented (Gomes, Yasin & Lisboa, 2008: 573-585). 4 Most managers focus on how the project methodology can adapt to it’s organisational context, however, in doing so, they sacrifice the flexibility and dynamism of the project approach for the bureaucratic, control-based view of functional organisations (Thiry, 2006:22) The questions to be addressed in this study are as follows: †¢ How does the organisational structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? †¢ To what degree is the effectiveness of the organisational structure sabotaged by the human factor? †¢ Which organisational structures are best suited for project management? 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY . 4. 1 Primary objective The purpose of this study is to verify whether organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a project manager. 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study The following theoretical objectives were established in order to support the primary objective. †¢ Conducting management. †¢ Conducting a literature stud y on factors of influence in project management. †¢ Reviewing organisational structure models commonly employed by companies in the project management environment. †¢ Contrasting the literature studied with observations in the industry in practice. 1. 4. Empirical objectives The following empirical objectives were formulated in support of the primary and theoretical objectives. †¢ Identifying key elements of influence on project management success. a literature study on organisational structures in project 5 †¢ Identifying organisational structures employed by companies to ensure support project management. 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Literature review Published material in the form of books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, government publications and the Internet formed part of establishing a well-informed theoretical background. . 5. 2 Target population The population was restricted to companies in the Western Cape Province, for econom ic reasons; as most companies are within easy reach. The population comprised project management practitioners. For the purpose of this study, project management practitioners are persons practising project management, who are given the responsibility and accountability for implementing projects in an organisation. In industry, the title varies from company to company. The commonly used titles are Project Supervisor and Project Manager. The companies to be included in the study must be practising project The companies must have a formal project management for more than five years. management structure in place. It is anticipated that many companies may not be keen to share information on this subject. Therefore, to increase the probability of reaching the required sample size, organisations in the entire province were chosen. 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling A combination of convenience and judgement sampling was used, in light of the geographical dispersion of the organisations. Care was taken to include a broad variety of project management practitioners. The organisations were grouped according to industries. In the absence of previous research, a minimum sample size of one hundred project management practitioners will be chosen for the study. The sample size has been determined on the basis of the cost of the exercise and accessibility to the various companies. 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection The survey method will be used. A personal interview using a structured questionnaire will be used to obtain the required information. This method was chosen as it is simple and allows for clarity of questions. 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used for the initial analysis. The MoonStats package will be used for data analysis. Cross-tabulation and correlation will be used to establish simple relationships between the organisational structure and it’s effects on project management in the business. 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review An overview is provided of strategies, strategic business levels ad their relationship to each other. This chapter concentrates on organisational structures, competencies and the dynamics of project management. It also explores the need for strategic organisational decisions to further support project management objectives. structures are also highlighted. Different organisational 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology The emphasis of this chapter is on the design of the research, the measuring instruments and population target. employed are outlined. The data analysis procedure and the statistical techniques 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Results and Findings In this chapter data is analysed, interpreted and evaluated. 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations The recommendations emanating from the study are suggested. limitations of the research are highlighted. The benefits and 1. 7 SYNOPSIS This paper is primarily addressed at the decision makers about project management in an organisation. In the arenas of business and management, the principles of project man agement are relatively simple and much of it actually common sense. However, this paper aims to confirm that the implementation and acceptance thereof, in a functionallyonly structured organisation, is quite a complex process. The paper’s prime purpose is herefore to highlight, that after the decision to implement project management is made, a number of not so obvious implications for the organisation, as well as structural, organisational culture and systems changes, have to be thoroughly managed to ensure success. In this chapter the background and scope of research are described. The Research objectives are utilized in an effort to address the research problem. In the next chapter the literature used as background for this study, will be discussed, while the different levels of project management organisational structures and how they are interrelated will be outlined. REFERENCES Cleland, D. , Gareis, R. 2006. Global project management handbook: Planning, McGraw-Hill Organ izing and Controlling International Projects, Second Edition. Professional. Project Management Institute. 2004. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – 3rd edition. Pennsylvania: PMI Publications. Burke, R. 2007. Project management Techniques college edition. South Africa; Burke Publishing. Gido, J. and Clements, J. P. 2003. Successful Project Management – Second Edition. USA. South-Western. Kerzner, H. 2006. Project Management – Ninth Edition, A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons. Sandhu, M. A. and Gunasekaran, A. 2004. Business process development in projectbased industry. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 10 No. 6:673-690. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Box, S. and Platts, K. 2005. Business process management: establishing and maintaining project alignment. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 11 No. 4:370-387. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Palmer, M. 2002. How an effective project culture can help to achieve business success: establishing a project culture in Kimberley-Clark Europe. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 34. Number 3:101-105. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czuchry, A. J. and Yasin, M. M. 2003. Managing the project management process. Industrial Management and Data Systems. 103/1 :39-46. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 9 Rees, W. D. and Porter, C. 2004. Matrix structures and the training implications. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 36. Number 5:189–193. Emerald Group Publishing Limited  · ISSN 0019-:189-193 Gomes, C. F. , Yasin, M. M. and Lisboa, J. V. 2008. Project management in the context of organizational change. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol. 21 No. 6:573-585. Tata, J. 2000. Autonomous work teams: an examination of cultural and structural constraints. Work Study. Volume 49. Number 5:187-193. MCB University Press. Rowlinson, S. 2001. Matrix organizational structure, culture and commitment: a Hong Kong public sector case study of change. Construction Management and Economics. 19, 669-673. Spon Press. Brown, C. J. and Botha, M. C. 2005. Lessons learnt on implementing project management in a functionally-only structured South African municipality. South African Journal of Business Management. 36(4):1-7 Cheng, M. Su, C. and You, H. 2003. Optimal Project Organizational Structure for Construction Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. January/February:70-79. Brown, C. J. 2008. A comprehensive organisational model for the effective management of project management. South African Journal of Business Management. 39(3):1-8. Kennedy, D. A. and Marx, T. 2009. Going Against Traditional Wisdom: Running Proj ects in a Functional Structure. Proceedings of the 2009 Industrial Engineering Research Conference. 368-373. Thiry, M. 2006. The Matrix Evolves. PM Network. Apr. 20,4:22. Eve, A. 2007. Development of project management systems. Industrial and Commercial Training. Vol. 39. No. 2:85-90. 10 Questionnaire For each planning product written, please mark the most suitable answer referring to the projects you were recently involved in, according to the following scale: 54321ABThe product is always obtained The product is quite frequently obtained The product is frequently obtained The product is seldom obtained The product is hardly ever obtained The product is irrelevant to the projects I am involved in I do not know whether the product is obtained Please choose between 1-5 and A or B. Part A – Project Planning Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 1. Project Plan 2. Project Deliverables 3. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Chart 4. Project Activities 5. PERT or Gantt Chart 6. Activity Duration Estimate 7. Activity Start and End Dates 8. Activity Required Resources 9. Resource Cost 10. Time-phased Budget 11. Quality Management Plan 12. Role and Responsibility Assignments 13. Project Staff Assignments 14. Communications Management Plan 15. Risk Management Plan 16. Procurement Management Plan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 11 Part B – Organisational Support Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 17. Project-Based Organisation 18. Extent of Existence of Projects’ Procedures 19. Appropriate Project Manager Assignment 20. Extent of Refreshing Project Procedures 21. Extent of Involvement of the Project Manager during Initiation Stage 22. Extent of Communication between the Project Manager and the Organisation during the Planning Phase 23. Extent of Existence of Project Success Measurement 24. Extent of Supportive Project Organisational Structure 25. Extent of Existence of Interactive InterDepartmental Project Planning Groups 26. Extent of Organisational Projects Resource Planning 27. Extent of Organisational Projects Risk Management 28. Extent of Organisational Projects Quality Management 29. Extent of On Going Project Management Training Programs 30. Extent of Use of Standard Project Management Software (e. . Ms-Project) 31. Extent of Use of New Project Tools and Techniques 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A B B B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics a. Organisation type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? (2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Government ? (3) Production ? (6) Maintenance ? (9) Other: ______ b. Project type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? 2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Aeronautics ? (3) Electronics ? (6) Mechanics ? (9) Other: _____ c. Evaluate the following indexes in the scale of 1 to 10 (1-low, 10-high): Index Low High Quality of planning of project you are involved in Project performance at the end of the projects Customer satisfaction at the end of the projects Risk level at the beginning of the project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Your personal involvement in projects: ? Project Manager ? Project Team Member ? Other: _______ 13